90 / 912
82
Chapter 1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
33.
a.
120
°
b.
120
°
c.
Because the carbon is
sp
3
hybridized and it has one lone pair, you can predict that the bond angle is
similar to that in
NH
3
(
107.3
°
)
.
34.
The nitrogen atom has the greatest electron density.
The hydrogens are the bluest atoms. Therefore, they have the least electron density. In other words, they
have the most positive (least negative) electrostatic potential.
35.
Water is the most polar—it has a deep red area and the most intense blue area.
Methane is the least polar—it is all nearly the same color (green) with no red or blue areas.
36.
Solved in the text.
37.
Electrons in atomic orbitals farther from the nucleus form
longer
bonds; they also form
weaker
bonds due
to less electron density in the region of orbital overlap. Therefore:
a. relative lengths
of the bonds in the halogens:
Br
2
7
Cl
2
relative strengths
of the bonds:
Cl
2
7
Br
2
b. relative lengths
:
CH
3
¬
Br
7
CH
3
¬
Cl
7
CH
3
¬
F
relative strengths
:
CH
3
¬
F
7
CH
3
¬
Cl
7
CH
3
¬
Br
38.
a. longer:
1.
C
¬
I
2.
C
¬
Cl
3.
H
¬
Cl
b. stronger: 1.
C
¬
Cl
2.
C
¬
C
3.
H
¬
F
39.
a. CH
3
O
−
The carbon in C
3
is bonded to four atoms, so it uses four
sp
3
orbitals.
Each carbon–hydrogen bond is formed by the overlap of an
sp
3
orbital of carbon with the
s
orbital of
hydrogen. The carbon–oxygen bond is formed by the overlap of an
sp
3
orbital of carbon with an
s
p
3
orbital of oxygen. Because the four
sp
3
orbitals of carbon orient themselves to get as far away from
each other as possible, the bond angles are all
109.5
°
.
C
H
H
H
O
−
bond angles
=
109.5
°
b.
CO
2
The carbon in
CO
2
is bonded to two atoms, so it uses two
sp
orbitals. Each carbon–oxygen bond is a
double bond. One of the bonds of each double bond is formed by the overlap of an
sp
orbital of carbon
with an
sp
2
orbital of oxygen. The second bond of the double bond is formed as a result of side-to-side
overlap of a
p
orbital of carbon with a
p
orbital of oxygen. Because carbon’s two
sp
orbitals orient
themselves to get as far away from each other as possible, the bond angle in
CO
2
is
180
°
.
O C O
bond angle
=
180
°