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6.2.7 George Eliot (1819-1880) ..........................................................................405
6.2.8 George Meredith (1828-1909) ..................................................................407
6.2.9 Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) .........................................................................408
6.3 The Late Victorian Novel.......................................................................................409
6.3.1 Thomas Hardy (1840-1928).......................................................................409
6.3.2 Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894)........................................................413
6.3.3 Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)....................................................................414
6.3.4 George Gissing (1857-1903) ......................................................................416
6.3.5 The Fiction of Mystery, Supernatural and Crime.....................................416
6.3.6 Fantasy, Utopian and Satiric Fiction .........................................................419
6.4 Victorian Poetry......................................................................................................421
6.4.1 Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)....................................................................421
6.4.2 Robert Browning (1812-1889)...................................................................423
6.4.3 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)..................................................426
6.4.4 Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) ....................................................................427
6.4.5 Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889) .......................................................429
6.5 From the Pre-Raphaelites to the Aesthetic Movement ........................................430
6.5.1 The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood..............................................................430
6.5.2 Aestheticism and Decadence.....................................................................433
6.5.3 Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909)...............................................435
6.5.4 Walter Pater (1839-1894)...........................................................................436
6.5.5 Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) ...........................................................................436
6.6 Victorian Drama and Prose Writing......................................................................439
6.6.1 Victorian Drama: an Overview ..................................................................439
6.6.2 Oscar Wilde and the Plays of Manners .....................................................440
6.6.3 George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) and the Plays of Ideas .....................442
6.6.4 Victorian Prose Writing..............................................................................444
Chapter 7
Modern Times
7.1 The First Half of the 20th Century (1901-1945) ..................................................447
7.1.1 Historical and Social Background.............................................................447
7.1.2 Cultural and Literary Background............................................................450
7.2 The Novel of Transition: from Tradition to Early Modernism............................453
7.2.1 Herbert George Wells (1866-1946)...........................................................453
7.2.2 Henry James (1843-1916) ..........................................................................455
7.2.3 Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) ......................................................................457
7.2.4 Edward Morgan Forster (1879-1970)........................................................459
7.2.5 Other Edwardian Writers...........................................................................461
7.3 The Modern Novel.................................................................................................462
7.3.1 James Joyce (1882-1941)............................................................................462
7.3.2 Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) .......................................................................464
7.3.3 David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930) ......................................................467
7.3.4 Aldous Leonard Huxley (1894-1963) .......................................................469
7.3.5 George Orwell (1903-1950).......................................................................471
7.4 Poetry in the First Half of the 20th Century.........................................................474
7.4.1 Edwardian Poetry .......................................................................................474
7.4.2 Georgian Poetry .........................................................................................475
7.4.3 The War Poets ............................................................................................475