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4.3.5 Biographical Writing: James Boswell (1740-1795) ...................................326
4.4 Augustan Drama and Poetry..................................................................................327
4.4.1 The Sentimental Comedy: Richard Steele................................................327
4.4.2 The Augustan Tragedy: Richard Addison ................................................327
4.4.3 The Ballad Opera: John Gay (1685-1732) ................................................328
4.4.4 Comedy, Farce and the Burlesque: Henry Fielding.................................329
4.4.5 The New Comedy of Manners...................................................................329
4.4.6 Augustan Poetry: Alexander Pope and his circle .....................................332
4.4.7 The Twilight of Classicism: Towards a New Sensibility ............................335
Chapter 5
The Age of Sensibility
5.1 The Romantic Age (1776-1837) ............................................................................337
5.1.1 Social and Historical Background.............................................................337
5.1.2 Cultural and Literary Background............................................................339
5.2 Pre-Romanticism ....................................................................................................343
5.2.1 Pre-Romantic Sensibility: an Introduction ...............................................343
5.2.2 Ossianic Poetry: James Macpherson (1736-1796) ....................................344
5.2.3 Graveyard Poetry ........................................................................................345
5.2.4 Robert Burns (1759-1796) .........................................................................347
5.2.5 Early Gothic Fiction ...................................................................................348
5.3 First Generation of Romantic Poets......................................................................351
5.3.1 William Blake (1757-1827) ........................................................................351
5.3.2 William Wordsworth (1770-1850) .............................................................354
5.3.3 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) ......................................................357
5.4 Second Generation of Romantic Poets.................................................................360
5.4.1 George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824) ...............................................360
5.4.2 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) .............................................................364
5.4.3 John Keats (1795-1821) .............................................................................367
5.5 The Romantic Novel ..............................................................................................371
5.5.1 The Evolution of the Gothic Novel: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
(1797-1851) ................................................................................................371
5.5.2 The Historical Novel: Walter Scott (1771-1832) ......................................374
5.5.3 The Novel of Manners: Jane Austen (1775-1817)....................................376
5.6 Romantic Drama and Prose Writing .....................................................................378
5.6.1 Romantic Drama ........................................................................................378
5.6.2 Romantic Prose Writing.............................................................................380
Chapter 6
The Victorian Age
6.1 Queen Victoria’s Reign (1832-1901).....................................................................383
6.1.1 Historical and Social Background.............................................................383
6.1.2 Cultural and Literary Background............................................................386
6.2 The High Victorian Novel .....................................................................................390
6.2.1 Charles Dickens (1812-1870) ....................................................................390
6.2.2 Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865)...................................................................394
6.2.3 William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) ............................................395
6.2.4 Anthony Trollope (1815-1882)..................................................................398
6.2.5 The Brontë Sisters......................................................................................398
6.2.6 The Fiction of Crime, Mystery and the Supernatural..............................403