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314 Chapter 9
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
inversion of configuration
turning the carbon inside out like an umbrella so that the resulting product has a
configuration opposite that of the reactant.
ion-dipole interaction
the interaction between an ion and the dipole of a molecule.
kinetics
the field of chemistry that deals with the rates of chemical reactions.
leaving group
the group that is displaced in a substitution reaction.
nucleophile
an electron-rich atom or molecule.
nucleophilicity
a measure of how readily an atom or a molecule with a lone pair attacks another atom.
nucleophilic substitution
a reaction in which a nucleophile substitutes for an atom or a group.
reaction
partial racemization
formation of a pair of enantiomers in unequal amounts.
protic solvent
a solvent that has a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen or to a nitrogen.
rate constant
the constant of proportionality in the rate law for a reaction; it describes how
difficult it is to overcome the energy barrier of a reaction.
rate law
the equation that shows the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the
concentration of the reactants.
regioselectivity
the preferential formation of a constitutional isomer.
sawhorse projection
a way to represent the three-dimensional spatial relationships of atoms by looking
at the carbon–carbon bond from an oblique angle.
second-order reaction
a reaction whose rate is dependent on the concentration of two reactants.
S
N
1
reaction
a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.
S
N
2
reaction
a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction.
solvent-separated ion pair
an ion pair that results when the cation and anion are separated by one or more
solvent molecules.
solvolysis
reaction with a solvent.
steric effects
effects due to the fact that groups occupy a certain volume of space.
steric hindrance
caused by bulky groups at the site of a reaction that make it difficult for the reactants
to approach each other.
substitution reaction
a reaction that exchanges one substituent of a reactant for another.